How do temperature changes affect the performance of multicrystalline solar cells?

As an important part of solar photovoltaic power generation, the performance of polycrystalline solar cells in different environments will be affected by many factors, among which temperature change is one of the key factors. In the process of solar cells absorbing sunlight and converting it into electrical energy, the increase or decrease in temperature will have a certain impact on its efficiency and service life. Therefore, studying the impact of temperature changes on the performance of polycrystalline solar cells is of great significance for improving their use effect and optimizing their application.
When the temperature rises, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline solar cells usually decreases. The working principle of solar cells is to convert light energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect, and the change in temperature affects the electronic properties of the material, thereby affecting the output voltage and current. When the temperature rises, the band structure of polycrystalline silicon materials will change to a certain extent, which reduces the migration ability of electrons and causes the output voltage to drop. Although the light intensity may increase the photocurrent, the overall output power may still be affected due to the decrease in voltage. Therefore, in a high temperature environment, the conversion efficiency of polycrystalline solar cells is usually reduced.
In addition to the change in photoelectric conversion efficiency, high temperature may also accelerate the aging process of solar cells. In a high temperature environment for a long time, the materials inside polycrystalline solar cells may deteriorate due to thermal expansion and chemical changes, thereby affecting the service life of the battery. For example, the packaging material may gradually age due to long-term high temperature exposure, resulting in a decrease in the sealing of the battery, making it easier for external moisture and dust to enter the interior, thereby affecting the stability of the battery. In addition, high temperature may also cause the thermal expansion and cooling contraction of the welding parts to intensify, thereby increasing the contact resistance and affecting the performance of the overall circuit to a certain extent.
When the temperature is reduced, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline solar cells may be improved, but if the temperature is too low, it may also bring some negative effects. When the temperature is reduced, the carrier mobility of polycrystalline silicon materials may increase, so that the output voltage of the battery increases, thereby improving the overall conversion efficiency. However, in an extremely low temperature environment, the packaging material of polycrystalline solar cells may produce stress due to low temperature shrinkage, thereby affecting the structural stability of the battery. In addition, if the temperature difference is large and the temperature changes dramatically between day and night, mechanical stress may be generated inside the battery, thereby affecting its long-term stability.
In practical applications, in order to reduce the impact of temperature changes on the performance of polycrystalline solar cells, a series of optimization measures are usually taken. For example, in the design stage, packaging materials with good high and low temperature resistance will be selected to reduce the impact of temperature on the internal structure of the battery. At the same time, during the installation process, you can choose a reasonable heat dissipation method, such as increasing air circulation, using brackets to improve the ventilation performance of the battery panels, etc., to reduce the efficiency drop caused by high temperature. In addition, in some extreme environments, specific temperature control measures may be adopted, such as installing a cooling system under the battery assembly to maintain a suitable operating temperature and improve the overall power generation efficiency.